In contrast to conventional internal combustion engines that run on gasoline or diesel, an electric vehicle (EV) is a type of vehicle that is powered fully or in part by electricity. EVs are powered by rechargeable battery packs, usually lithium-ion batteries, and have electric motors. Plug-in hybrid electric cars (PHEVs), which use both electricity and petrol, battery electric vehicles (BEVs),...

A molecular weight marker, also known as a protein or DNA ladder, is a set of standards used in molecular biology to determine the size of molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, or DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis. These markers allow researchers to assess and estimate the molecular weight or base pair length of unknown materials by comparing the migration distances of known-sized...

An Underwater Communication System (UCS) is an advanced technology developed to facilitate the exchange of information between underwater devices or between submerged equipment and surface stations. Given the challenging nature of the underwater environment—characterized by signal loss, restricted bandwidth, and dispersion—traditional methods like radio waves prove inefficient. To...

An IoT chipset consists of integrated circuits specifically designed to facilitate connectivity, processing, and data transmission in Internet of Things (IoT) devices. These chipsets commonly include microcontrollers, processors, memory, and connectivity modules such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular. Acting as the core of IoT devices, they enable data collection from sensors, information...

The initial steps of biotechnological production processes used to create biological products like medicines, enzymes, or biofuels are referred to as upstream bioprocessing. It includes a number of procedures, including choosing and growing host organisms (such bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells), preparing the growth medium, and actually growing the organisms in fermenters or bioreactors....

Urine flow meters are diagnostic medical devices designed to measure the rate and volume of urine flow during urination. Widely used in urology, they help assess urinary tract function and assist in diagnosing conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urinary incontinence, and various lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). These devices deliver precise, objective data on urine flow...

The phoropter is an ophthalmic apparatus made up of cylinders, prisms, and lenses used to quantify refractive defects in the eye. Refractive errors are typical visual issues that prevent light from focussing properly on the retina. Refractive errors are classified into four types: myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. During eye examinations, eye care providers utilised this tool to...

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) base stations are critical components in modern wireless communication systems, enabling high-speed mobile broadband connectivity. These stations serve as the foundation for transmitting and receiving radio signals between user devices and the core network. LTE base stations play a key role in ensuring seamless voice and data transmission, supporting higher network...

Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from one liquid to another and regulate the temperature of a system. These devices contribute to the effective operation of engines and equipment, as well as the heating and cooling of buildings. Heat exchangers require less energy and emit less pollutants than traditional cooling systems. As a result, they find wide application in sewage treatment,...

The term "kitchen furniture" describes the assortment of fixtures and fittings intended to facilitate a range of kitchen activities, such as food preparation, cooking, dining, and storage. Cabinets, countertops, shelves, drawers, kitchen islands, pantries, and other freestanding or built-in items fall under this category. Kitchen furniture, which offers both functionality and aesthetics, is...